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摘 要: 在世界性经济危机与社会主义中国的经济将维持正增长的强烈反差对比之下, 重新审视中国坚守的方向和走过的道路, 意义非同寻常。共和国的前30 年为后30 年的改革发展奠定了坚实基础。共和国的后30 年继续进行探索, 取得了多方面的辉煌成就。历史经验告诉我们, 建设社会主义最重要的不是有没有详尽的蓝图, 而是有没有认清社会主义方向的视野, 有没有不折不
挠地迈向社会主义未来的勇气。尽管今天的中国还存在着大量问题, 面临着多重严峻的挑战, 但只要坚持社会主义的方向, 未来的道路一定会越走越宽广。
关键词: 社会主义 中国 经济增长 人类发展
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适应能力对任何国家都十分重要，因为人类社会必须应对种种复杂局面、未知环境、不确定性、价值和利益冲突；而所有人，包括决策者、政策研究者和专家都只具备有限理性。适应能力的基础是学习。依据学习的推动者（决策者或政策倡导者）和学习源（实践或实验）两个向度可区分出四类学习模式。通过考察农村医疗融资体制过去60年的演变历史，发现中国的决策者和政策倡导者能够利用各种形式的实践和实验进行学习和获取必要的经验教训，从而调整政策目标和政策工具以回应不断变化的社会环境。此间高适应体制的“中国模式”逐渐成型，其活力来源于从不相信任何“放之四海而皆准”的标准。
Learning and Adapting:
The Case of Rural Healthcare Financing in China
Abstract
Adaptive capacity is essential for any human social system, because human societies are full of unique circumstances, genuine uncertainty, novel complexity, conflict of values and interests, and structural instabilities, and, more important, the environment under which the systems exist are always changing, while everyone, including policy makers and policy experts, operates under conditions of “bounded rationality”. Learning is the base of adaptive capacity. The first section of the paper distinguishes four learning models by their location along two dimensions: the promoters of learning (policy makers or policy advocates) and the sources of learning (practical experiences or controlled experiments). By studying the evolution of healthcare financing in rural China in the last 60 years, the remaining five sections attempt to illustrate how policy makers react to newly emerging problems, imbalances, and difficulties by “fine-tuning” or altering policy instruments, or adopting a new goal hierarchy according to lessons drawn from past and present experiences as well as deliberate policy experimentations. The study reveals that the resilience of the Chinese system lies in its deep-seated one-size-does-not-fit-all pragmatism.
Key words: Learning model, adaptive capacity, China model, cooperative medical system, healthcare financing
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王绍光 Deborah Davis,Yanjie Bian
2009年07月06日
Drawing on interviews with 400 couples in four cities in 1998, this exploratory study focuses on variation in reading habits to integrate the concept of cultural capital into the theoretical and empirical analysis of inequality and social stratification in contemporary urban China. Overall, we find that volume and composition of cultural capital varies across social classes independent of education. Thus, to the extent that cultural capital in the form of diversified
knowledge and appreciation for certain genres or specific authors is unevenly distributed across social classes, we hypothesize that the possession of cultural capital may be a valuable resource in defining and crystallizing class
boundaries in this hybrid, fast-changing society.
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Why cannot civil society always live up to its advocates’ expectation? This study explores one possible explanation —the implication of different sources of inancing for operational autonomy from the state, business, and transnational organizations.Based on an analysis of data from the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, it shows that the pervasive myth of civil society self -sufficiency has no factual base. There is no country where private giving is the dominant source of revenue for civil society organizations. The study explains why this is the case,identifies actual patterns of civil society finance in the world, and discusses the possible implications of various funding patterns for civil society’s autonomy.
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王绍光 Jianyu He
2009年07月06日
In recent years, we have observed a striking upsurge of organ‐ized voluntary activity and the creation of private, nonprofit or non‐governmental organizations around the world. This study ex‐plores to what extent China is part of the global associational revo‐lution. It aims at charting the size, scope, and structure of the asso‐ciational world in China, in a way that not only yields solid and ob‐jective information about China, but also makes it possible to un‐dertake cross‐society comparisons later.
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China has an appalling record of workplace safety in its coalmining industry. This article first traces the long-term trends of fatality at different types of coalmines, then analyzes why the number and rate of fatalities in the industry have remained so high, and finally discusses how the government has gradually overhauled its regulatory system to cope with the dreadful state of safety. Based on the case study, the article concludes that China’s transition from state socialism has not resulted in a Hayekian night-watchman state but in a new regulatory state,
which exerts controls over a wide range of economic and social affairs via standard setting, supervision, monitoring, and enforcement.
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In any society the number of potential public issues almost always exceeds the capabilities of the government to process them. Issues thus must compete for a place on the decision-making agenda. While it is certainly a dimension
of power to influence the decision-making process per se, it is perhaps even more important to have a say in setting the agenda. This article proposes a typology of six agenda-setting models and discusses how those models have evolved in contemporary China. It argues that only by grasping a subtle yet significant transformation of agenda-setting models can one fully appreciate the extent to which China’s political system has changed.
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在1990 年代短暂地经历了“市场社会”的梦魇之后, 中国已出现了蓬勃的反向运动,并正在催生一个“社会市场”。在社会市场里, 市场仍然是资源配置的主要机制, 但政府通过再分配的方式, 尽力对与人类生存权相关的领域进行“去商品化”, 让全体人民分享市场运作的成果,让社会各阶层分担市场运作的成本, 从而把市场重新“嵌入”社会伦理关系之中。近年来出台的一系列社会政策显示, 中国政府既有政治意愿也有财政能力来充当社会市场的助产士, 虽然无论在意愿还是能力上, 两者都有待加强。今天中国社会还存在大量严重的问题, 但社会政策的最终出现具有历史转折点的意义。
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改革以后, 中国政府在承担卫生保健职能方面的意愿和能力发生了变化, 本文考察了这些变化对城镇卫生保健筹资和服务公平性的影响。文章分析了在强大财政压力下城镇医疗保险制度的演变过程, 以及政府对公立医疗机构的政策转变对医疗服务提供者行为的影响, 从需求和供给两个方面解释了卫生保健筹资不公平、医疗成本上涨等现象的成因。基于三次国家卫生服务调查的结果, 文章对中国城市卫生保健筹资和服务利用的不平等程度进行了实证分析。结论是以市场为导向的卫生改革不但没有解决医疗费用上涨问题, 反而加剧了这一问题, 在医疗保障体系不完善的情况下, 降低了弱势人群对卫生服务的获取, 使得卫生保健的公平性受到极大的损害。为了解决这个问题, 政府应该改变政策导向、加强汲取能力, 从而能够在重建覆盖全体居民的公平、可及的基本卫生服务体系中发挥更大的作用。
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在全球“结社革命”背景下,社团成为学术界关注热点。我国是否也是这场社团革命的一部分? 以往研究已经描绘出一个丰富多彩的中国社团领域。但是这些文献多从公民社会视角观察社团,偏重于登记注册的民间社团和所谓“非政府组织”,而遗漏了绝大多数渗透到中国人日常生活中的其他结社形式。本文尝试着弥补这一缺陷,通过多途径的资料汇集,勾勒出一幅涵盖各类准政府社团和草根组织的完整的社团全景图。
